Recently, cities across Northern California have incorporated the state mandate to Affirmatively Further Fair Housing (AFFH) into their housing elements. First passed in 2018, California state AFFH law requires cities to promote access to opportunity, integration, transformation of underinvested communities, and compliance with fair housing law. In some ways, the AFFH mandate transformed the nature of the housing element, causing cities to implement a suite of production, preservations, and protection policies that previously would have never been on the table.…